CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1. Background
Thank God we pray to the presence of the Almighty God for
the mercy, grace was able to complete our paper is about “Robinson Crusoe by
Daniel Dafoe”.
Robinson Crusoe is a novel by
Daniel Defoe, first published on April 25, 1719. The first edition of this work
the protagonist is credited as the author of Robinson Crusoe, causing many
readers to believe that she is a real person and the right books incidents
journey. The book was published with the full title of Life and Strange
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe Surprizing, Of York, Mariner.
Taken as non-fiction, the details
of Robinson Crusoe is given at the beginning of the novel. The story since then
has been considered based on the true
story
of Alexander Selkirk, Scotland outcast who lived for four years in the Pacific
island called "Mass a Tierra", now part of Chile, which renamed
Robinson Crusoe Island in 1966. The novel tells the story of a person who
spread Christianity in island
that he never visited. This analysis based on Religious Institution of British
Institution, including the manifest and latent functions as the basic of
analysis of this novel.
I.2. Biography of Dafoe
Daniel
Foe, born circa 1660, was the son of James Foe, a London butcher. Daniel later
changed his name to Daniel Defoe, wanting to sound more gentlemanly.
Defoe
graduated from an academy at Newington Green, run by the Reverend Charles
Morton. Not long after, in 1683, he went into business, having given up an earlier
intent on becoming a dissenting minister. He traveled often, selling such goods
as wine and wool, but was rarely out of debt. He went bankrupt in 1692 (paying
his debts for nearly a decade thereafter), and by 1703, decided to leave the
business industry altogether.
Having
always been interested in politics, Defoe published his first literary piece, a
political pamphlet, in 1683. He continued to write political works, working as
a journalist, until the early 1700s. Many of Defoe's works during this period
targeted support for King William III, also known as "William Henry of
Orange." Some of his most popular works include The True-Born Englishman,
which shed light on racial prejudice in England following attacks on William
for being a foreigner; and the Review, a periodical that was published from
1704 to 1713, during the reign of Queen Anne, King William II's successor.
Political opponents of Defoe's repeatedly had him imprisoned for his writing in
1713.
Defoe
took a new literary path in 1719, around the age of 59, when he published
Robinson Crusoe, a fiction novel based on several short essays that he had
composed over the years. A handful of novels followed soon after—often with
rogues and criminals as lead characters—including Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack,
Captain Singleton, Journal of the Plague Year and his last major fiction piece,
Roxana (1724). In the mid-1720s, Defoe returned to writing editorial pieces,
focusing on such subjects as morality, politics and the breakdown of social
order in England. Some of his later works include Everybody's Business is
Nobody's Business (1725); the nonfiction essay "Conjugal Lewdness: or,
Matrimonial Whoredom" (1727); and a follow-up piece to the "Conjugal
Lewdness" essay, entitled "A Treatise Concerning the Use and Abuse of
the Marriage Bed."
Defoe
died on April 24, 1731. While little is known about Daniel Defoe's personal
life—largely due to a lack of documentation—Defoe is remembered today as a
prolific journalist and author, and has been lauded for his hundreds of fiction
and nonfiction works, from political pamphlets to other journalistic pieces, to
fantasy-filled novels. The characters that Defoe created in his fiction books
have been brought to life countless times over the years, in editorial works, as
well as stage and screen productions.[1]
I.3. Summary
Robinson Crusoe is the son of a
middle-class English family. Although his father desires that he go into
business and live a quiet life, the young man has such longing for the sea that
he finds it impossible to remain at home. He takes his first voyage without his
parents’ knowledge. The ship is caught in a great storm, and Crusoe is so
violently ill and so greatly afraid that he vows never to leave land again
should he be so fortunate as to escape death.
When he lands safely, however, he finds
his old longing still unsatisfied, and he engages as a trader, shipping first
for the coast of Africa. The ship on which he sails is captured by a Turkish
pirate vessel, and he is carried as a prisoner into Sallee, a Moorish port.
There he becomes a slave. His life is unbearable, and at the first opportunity
he escapes in a small boat. He is then rescued by a Portuguese freighter and
carried safely to Brazil, where he buys a small plantation and begins the life
of a planter.
When another English planter suggests that
they make a voyage to Africa for a cargo of slaves, Crusoe once more gives in
to his longing for the sea. This voyage is destined to bring him his greatest
adventure of all, for the ship breaks apart on a reef near an island off the
coast of South America. Of all the crew and passengers, only Crusoe survives,
the waves washing him ashore. He takes stock of his situation and finds that
the island seems to be completely uninhabited, with no sign of wild beasts. In
an attempt to make his castaway life as comfortable as possible, he constructs
a raft and sails it to the broken ship to gather food, ammunition, water, wine,
clothing, tools, sailcloth, and lumber.
He sets up a sailcloth tent on the side of
a small hill and encircles his refuge with tall, sharp stakes; he enters his
shelter by means of a ladder that he draws up after him. Into this area he
brings all the goods he has salvaged, being particularly careful with the
gunpowder. His next concern is his food supply. Finding little food from the
ship that has not been ruined by rats or water, he eats sparingly during his
first days on the island. Among the things Crusoe has brought from the ship are
a quill and ink, and before long he begins to keep a journal. When he considers
the good and evil of his situation, he finds that he has much for which to
thank God.
He begins to make his shelter permanent.
Behind his tent he finds a small cave, which he enlarges and braces. With crude
tools, he makes a table and a chair, some shelves, and a rack for his guns. He
spends many months on the work, all the time able to feed himself with wildfowl
and other small game. He also finds several springs that keep him supplied with
drinking water.
For the next twenty-four years, he spends
his life in much the same way as in his first days after the shipwreck. He
explores the island and builds what he is pleased to call his summer home on
the other side. He is able to grow corn, barley, and rice, carefully saving the
new kernels each year until he has enough to plant a small field. He learns to
grind these grains to make meal and bakes coarse bread. He catches and tames
wild goats to supply his larder and parrots for companionship. He makes better
furniture and improves his cave, making it even safer from intruders, whom he
still fears, although he has seen no sign of any living thing larger than small
game, fowl, and goats. He also has time to read carefully the three Bibles he
retrieved from the ship. At a devotional period each morning and night, he
never fails to thank God for delivering him from the sea.
In the middle of Crusoe’s twenty-fourth
year on the island, an incident occurs that alters his way of living. About a
year and a half previously, he had observed some savages who had apparently
paddled over from another island. They had come in the night and gorged
themselves on some other savages, obviously prisoners. Crusoe had found the
bones and the torn flesh the next morning and had since been terrified that the
cannibals might return and find him. Finally, a band of savages does return.
While they prepare for their gruesome feast, Crusoe shoots some of them and
frightens the others away. Able to rescue one of the prisoners, he at last has
human companionship. He names the man Friday after the day of his rescue, and
Friday becomes his faithful servant and friend.
Over the course of time, Crusoe is able to
teach Friday to speak English. Friday tells him that seventeen white men are
prisoners on the island from which he had come. Although Friday reports that
the men are well treated, Crusoe has a great desire to go to them, thinking
that together they might find some way to return to the civilized world. He and
Friday build a canoe and prepare to sail to the other island, but before they
are ready for their trip, another group of savages comes to their island with
more prisoners. Crusoe discovers that one of the prisoners is a white man and
manages to save him. He also rescues another savage, an old man who turns out
to be Friday’s father; there is great joy at the reunion of father and son.
Crusoe cares for the old man and the white man, who is a Spaniard, one of the
seventeen of whom Friday had spoken. A hostile tribe has captured Friday’s
island, and now the white men are no longer safe.
Crusoe dispatches the Spaniard and
Friday’s father to the neighboring island to try to rescue the white men. While
waiting for their return, Crusoe sees an English ship one day at anchor near
shore. Soon he finds the captain of the ship and two others, who have been set
ashore by a mutinous crew. Crusoe, Friday, and the three seamen are able to
retake the ship, and Crusoe is at last delivered from the island. He dislikes
leaving before the Spaniard and Friday’s father return, and he determines to go
back to the island some day and see how they had fared. Five of the mutinous
crew choose to remain on the island rather than be returned to England to be
hanged. Crusoe and Friday then sail to England. Crusoe returns to his homeland
after an absence of thirty-five years, arriving there, a stranger and unknown,
in June of 1687.
His adventures are not over, however. When
he visits his old home, he finds that his parents have died, as have all of his
family but two sisters and the two children of one of his brothers. Having no
reason to remain in England, he goes with Friday to Lisbon to inquire about his
plantation. There he learns that friends have saved the income of his estate
for him and that he is now worth about five thousand pounds sterling. Satisfied
with this accounting, Crusoe and Friday return to England, where Crusoe marries
and had three children.
After his wife dies, Crusoe sails again in
1695 as a private trader on a ship captained by his nephew and bound for the
East Indies and China. The ship puts in at his castaway island, where he finds
that the Spaniards and the English mutineers have taken native wives from a
nearby island; consequently, the population is greatly increased. Crusoe is
pleased with his little group and holds a feast for them. He also presents them
with gifts from the ship.
After Crusoe has satisfied himself that
the island colony is well cared for, he and Friday sail away. On their way to
Brazil, savages attack their ship, and Friday is killed. From Brazil, Crusoe travels
around the Cape of Good Hope and on to the coast of China. At one port, after
the sailors on his ship take part in a massacre, Crusoe lectures them so
severely that the crew members force the captain, Crusoe’s nephew, to set him
ashore in China, as they can no longer tolerate his preaching. There Crusoe
joins a caravan that takes him into Siberia. At last, he reaches England again.
Having spent the greater part of fifty-four years away from his homeland, he is
finally glad to live out his life there in peace and in preparation for that
longer journey from which he will never return.[1]
I.4. Assumption
The
novel has something to do with religious institutions. Because this novel
"Robinson Crusoe" describes
about the religious movement in the 18th century with the
spread of Christianity in
the island.
I.5. Theory
of Frame
I.5.a
Definition of Institution
An
institution is any structure or mechanism of social order governing the
behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community; may it be human or
a specific animal one. Institutions are identified with a social purpose,
transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern
living behavior. The
term institution is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important
to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and
public services. Institutions are one of the principal objects of study in the
social sciences, such as political science, anthropology, economics, and
sociology. Institutions are also a central concern for law, the formal
mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement.[2]
I.5.b. Definition of Religious Institution
Religious Institution is a social institution that answers questions
and explains the seemingly inexplicable. Religion provides explanations for why
things happen and demystifies the ideas of birth and death. Religions based on
the belief in a single deity are monotheistic.
Those that encompass many deities are polytheistic.[3]
I.5.c. Manifest
Function
The manifest function of Religious institution are :
ü Provide
answers for human problems (meaning and purpose of life, death, after death
etc). All religions have certain notions and beliefs that
provide answers to the above questions. These beliefs are based on the faith
that life has a purpose, and there is someone or something that controls the
universe. It defines the spiritual world and gives meaning to the divine. Because
of its beliefs concerning people’s relationships to a beyond, religion provides
an explanation for events that seem difficult to understand.
ü Provide
comfort, assurance, and release from anxiety is perhaps Religion can be a source of comfort in troubled
times, as well as a foundation for self-esteem, feeling unconditionally valued,
loved, and cared for. Those who feel this way have an amazing sense of
security. Their belief that God will intervene when needed gives them a sense
of peace and calm, and their identification with particular biblical figures
can help them interpret and guide their lives.
ü
Reinforce the mores and help maintain social control means religious
beliefs can influence the conduct of those who believe in them. It keeps people
‘in line’ through folkways and mores. It provides a foundation for mores of
society. Religious sanctions are sought for certain desirable patterns of
behaviour to persist in society in the forms of mores.
I.5.d. Latent Function
The
latent function for Religious
institution
are :
ü Preserve
of the culture, sometimes powerfully, so Marx saw religion as the enemy of the
revolution. But it happened it can be a revolutionary force.
ü Influence
the development of the other institutions
ü Be
the sociability and entertainment
I.6 Literary Review
*
Based
on Karl Marx opinion Robinson Crusoe
is a standard-bearer for the darker elements of imperialism.
*
According
to The American Heritage Robinson Crusoe is an English sailor , a shipwrecked and cast ashore alone on an
uninhabited island.
*
Ellis,
Frank H, in her journal Twentieth Century Interpretations of
Robinson Crusoe (1969) mentions that Robinson
Crusoe is one of a handful of literary characters
whose names immediately conjure up specific images in the minds of most people,
even those who have not read the books in which these characters appear.
I.7 Purposes
The purpose of this paper is to know and retell
about The Analysis Of Religious Institution Of Robinson Crusoe By Daniel
Defoe. And help us to understand about
the novel based on true story in England
"Alexander Selkirk", Scotland outcast who lived for four years
in the Pacific island called "Más a Tierra". And the last purpose is
to know the religious movement in the 18th century. This paper presents
research findings on the analysis of religious institution of Robinson Crusoe novel by Daniel Defoe.
CHAPTER II
II.1. THE
ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION OF
ROBINSON CRUSOE by DANIEL DEFOE
I use the concept
of religious institution based on Mr. Agus Research that tells us that latent
function and manifest function, each of them has 3 main points, I will explain
it the detail:
Latent Function
covers:
1.
Preserve
of the culture, sometimes powerfully, so Marx saw religion as the enemy of
the revolution. But it happened it can be a revolutionary force.
the revolution. But it happened it can be a revolutionary force.
2.
Influence
the development of the other institutions
3.
Be
the sociability and entertainment
Manifest Function
covers:
1.
Provide
answers for human problems (meaning and purpose of life, death, after death
etc).
etc).
2.
Provide
comfort, assurance, and release from anxiety
3.
Reinforce
the mores and help maintain social control.
I use the
concept above as my base analysis for this novel and I try to show and explain
in detail the which quotation that contains the concept above. The
analyze of the novel of “Robison
Crusoe” in
this case it looks based on the religious
institution that focus on structure and the development of religious
institution. I just focus on the religious institution. It
closed to the religious movement in that century. The
novel of Robinson
Crusoe represents
such strategies as propaganding for Christianity, this is seen implicitly through
some events that we may conceive as signs for spreading Christianity. The first
one can be deduced from the way Robinson Crusoe sells Xury to the Portugues captain,
although Xury is not Robinson’s slave but they were both slaves to the
Moor, Robinson sells Xury in return of converting him into a Christian after
ten years working with the captain. This event shows that Robinson is seeking
to spread Christianity by any means and he prefers to convert Xury to a
Christian than taking money from the Portuguese captain. This
implies that anyone who is not a Christian is still a slave and uncivilized.
Another incident is when Robinson Crusoe arrives at the island and fixes a
Cross on the ground. The Cross works as symbol of Christianity and Christian
beliefs. As the quotation from the novel :
“ He offered me
also sixty pieces of eight more for my boy Xury, which I was loth to take; not
that I was unwilling to let the captain have him, but I was very loth to sell
the poor boy's liberty, if
he turned Christian; upon this, and Xury saying he was willing to go to him, I
let the captain have him.”(Robinson Crusoe, 60)
Manifest function Analysis:
Manifest function of religious institution related with the novel “Robinson Crusoe” is the provide comfort,
assurance, and release from anxiety. It's like when Robinson comes to realize the spiritual deliverance
from sin is more important than physical deliverance from the island. A little
later, when he is about to thank God for bringing him to the island and so
saving him, he stops, shocked at himself and the hypocrisy of such a statement.
As
the quote below
:
"Sincerely gave thanks to God for opening my eyes, by whatever
afflicting providences, to see the former condition of my life, and to mourn
for my wickedness, and repent" (Robinson Crusoe,110).
Another manifest function of religious institution related with the novel “Robinson Crusoe” is
provide answer for human problems. It likes when Robinson
process of conversion begins, it follows a typical pattern. After his dream and
the beginning of his regeneration, Crusoe reviews his life and his understanding and sense of God
deepen. But reason alone is not sufficient to result in conversion, and Crusoe
turns to the Bible; studying it reveals God's word and will to him, and he finds
comfort, guidance, and instruction in it. For the first time in many years he
prays, and he prays, not for rescue from the island, but for God's help. And
after thinking about his life, he kneels to God for the first time in his life
and prays to God to fulfill his promise. His next step toward conversion is
asking for God's grace. Such
as the following quotation:
"Lord be my help, for I am in
great distress" (Robinson Crusoe, 88).
"that if I called upon Him in the day of toruble, He would deliver
me" (Robinson Crusoe, 91).
"Jesus, Thou Son of David, Jesus, Thou exalted Prince and Saviour,
give me repentance!" (Robinson Crusoe, 93).
Another manifest function analysis of this novel, we can
see the quotation below:
“Thus
fear of danger is ten thousand times more terrifying than danger itself.” (Robinson
Crusoe).
The quotation above
can be used as the answer of human problem. Sometimes we are too afraid of the
danger, the concequences of the danger that we will have, but it just will make
us more terrified and can bring us the the worse effect than the danger itself.
So dont need to worry much of the danger we face, focus on trying and let us
see what will come.
Latent Function Analysis:
Latent
function of
religious institution related with the novel “Robinson Crusoe” is influence
the development of the other institution. In this novel we can see a political
institution, when many people have pointed out that Robinson Crusoe's
experiences on the island seem to be a reflection of the growth of civilization
and society. Considering the prominent role that religion plays in the novel,
it would be worthwhile to examine the progression of religious and political
thought in Crusoe's "society”. This evolution of religious and political
thought affirms two ideas: 1) in the personal realm, it affirms religious
individualism--the idea that one can and should find his God independently from
any human authority or intermediary and 2) in the public realm, the novel affirms
that religious toleration, especially on the part of those in power, is the
appropriate way to resolve those conflicts that are inherent in the transition
of religion from the private to the public. As the
absolute ruler of the island, Crusoe has reached the final stage in the
evolution of political religion, by finding a resolution between the personal and the public religion
essentially, there is no public religion on his island. Following the quotation
as :
"My Man Friday was
a Protestant, his Father was a Pagan and a Cannibal, and the Spaniard was a
Papist: However, I allow'd Liberty of Conscience throughout my
Dominions..." (Robinson Crusoe, 174)
Another latent function in this novel is in the point
three, “Influence the development of the other institution”. In the 18th
century the industrial revolution has occurred in Britain, which is where the
massive changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology and has a profound impact on social, economic and in the world. It
affects the religious institution in that era. As the quotation below:
“Those people cannot enjoy comfortably what God has given them because they
see and covet what He has not given them. All of our discontents for what we
want appear to me to spring from want of thankfulness for what we have.”
Based on the quotation above in that era, the revolution
industry changes industry on a large scale, then a lot of people complain
because they earn lower incomes, so they are not grateful for what they have.
CONCLUSION
After I
analysis the novel, I can describe if this is a good novel with a good storyline, especially
with “based on a true story” tag on the cover. The plot is good and
entertaining even sometimes take too seriously. The Analysis Of Religious Institution Of Robinson Crusoe Novel by Daniel Defoe. It also helps us to understand about the novel based on true story in England how the religious movement in the 18th
century. The analysis of the novel
of
“Robinson Crusoe”
with the religious
institution, showed a person who spread Christianity in the island he never visited. The
manifest function of
religious institution related with the novel “Robinson Crusoe” is the provide
comfort, assurance, and release from anxiety. Latent
function of religious institution related with the novel “Robinson Crusoe” is
influence the development of the other institution. The religious institutions make it all clear
based on the novel
of the “Robinson Crusoe”
is to know the religious movement in the 18th century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
reference.com/browse/robinson+crusoe
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